E.01RMS ↔ Vpp Voltage Calculator

About RMS and peak-to-peak voltage

RMS (root-mean-square) voltage is the DC-equivalent value of an AC waveform in terms of power delivered to a resistive load. For a pure sine wave, Vrms = Vp / √2, where Vp is the peak amplitude.

Peak-to-peak voltage (Vpp) is the difference between the most positive and most negative points of the waveform. For a symmetric wave, Vpp = 2 · Vp.

The relationship between RMS and Vpp depends on the crest factor (CF = Vp / Vrms). A sine wave has CF = √2 ≈ 1.4142, giving Vpp = 2√2 · Vrms and Vrms = Vpp / (2√2). Non-sinusoidal waveforms have different CF values; use the custom crest factor option when needed.

Calculations assume waveforms symmetric about zero (no DC offset). Pulse trains can have a much higher crest factor depending on duty cycle.